مجله تاریخ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 28 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

The misogynous narratives that were reflected in Nahj ul-Balāgha, are typically understood as such by decontextualizing the statements and embedding them in the modern framework. Given the incongruity between the traditional statement and the feminist viewpoints of the modern era, the statements- as part of Islamic and especially, Shiite tradition- are inconsonantly compared with the modern outlooks. The present paper shows that many of those statements regarding women in Nahj ul-Balāgha are not buttressed by any reliable evidence as well as the content of those statements could  be traced in the bulk of similar statements in the literary works written after the fourth century A.H. Moreover, given the cultural circumstances of the time that  Nahj ul-Balāgha was embedded in,  those attitudes towards women are intelligible and also they were accepted and considered to be consonant with the popular mentalities wrought into the historical and literary works contemporary with compiling Nahj ul-Balāgha and those composed in the subsequent centuries. To expound this hypothesis, attempts are made to analyze the evidence, context as well as cultural mentalities about women in Nahj ul-Balāgha, and its exegeses and sundry literary and historical texts produced up to the 6th/12th century in order to compare those texts with the former. The approach is non-confessional 

Historical texts by the planning process for the expression of numerous events, are worthy for narratology investigations. The rules of narration let the historian to choose and describe an event among many events. As the narrative time is in profound connection with the plot, so it  has an important role in the narrative Tactics. In this survey, in order to study the type of operation and apply the element of time on Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, the time elements Gerard Genette’s theory such as flashback and flashforward, omissions and summarization, descriptive pause and etc, has been evaluated by semiotic approach. Our results show that in Beyhaqi used the narrative time and in analysis this type of time, due to numerous encasement, a multilayer structure is created, so that we can say Tarikh-e Beyhaqi’s temporality is on a similar level with the plots. The main Characteristics of Beyhaqi’s narration in this field is extraction of semantic functions from the elements of the narrative time. In this section the narrator’s willingness and valuation is visible.

The Mogul invasion and their rule over Iran has always been mentioned  as the cause of the decline of knowledge in this land. The present study seeks to find the impact of the Mongol invasion and the rule of Ilkhans on the scientific tradition in Iran, using the descriptive-analytical approach, and also to answer the questions such  as what have changed in the scientific tradition in compare with  the past ages and what have been the consequences of those changes? The result of this study shows that with the rule of the Ilkhans, the scientific tradition in Iran has been influenced by several factors, such as the religious tolerance of the Ilkhanates and the rationalist's domination, on scientific and educational institutions. Therefore, along with religious studies, the intellectual sciences also were the focus of attention of the scholars of this period. And so, it was one of the flourishing periods of Iranian history in terms of building scientific and educational centers and reviving scientific activities, especially in the field of intellectual sciences.

Ahvaz, Iran The combination of history and theory is among the methods that many scholars, including historians and sociologists, have shown their interest in that. Charles Tilly is a sociologist who has used historical events to illustrate how sociological patterns work. This article analyzes the Sarbedaran social-religious movement based on the theory of collective action by him. Thus, the concepts which are related to the collective action theory such  as interests, organization, mobilization, collective action, opportunity, threat, suppression and facilitation, were extracted from the history and described. Then, based on those concepts,  the inner elements of the Sarbedaran movement, namely the impact of economic interests, the role of the Dervishes, futuwat Organization, Shiite and the sources of effective mobilization of forces, as well as the objective factors, such as the conditions for suppression or facilitation of the confrontation between the challenging groups of the Leaders and the political community of the Ilkhans have been analysed. The method used in this article is comparative. The findings show that continuation of tax encroachment and double taxation, the role of the Sufi traditions, the Shiite, and the organization of futuwat and close connection between its social forces and the movement's organization as well as the political role of such forces are major sources of mobilization, and the disintegration of the Ilkhanates government and also the inability of their armed forces to suppress the opposition and challenger groups, are facilitating conditions for the Sarbedaran movement.

The” Man on a composite horse and elephant” Paintings of Safavid belong to the world- composite paintings class that the scholars have acknowledged for emerging and abundance of them in the 16th / 10th century. Despite the attractiveness, those works faced stagnation and changing concepts over the next following years. This research on the context of the theory of reflection attempts to explain the influence of society and the dominant ideology in the art works and analysis of the content of images and its adaptation to the Safavid society, the nature and function of the identity and function of the figurative compartments in those works and their role in society and the reflection of society on them. The most important achievements of this research are determining the present and absent groups in the community which is depicted in those works, extracting the main concept from encoding images including "Integrated and centralized governance" and "king as herder of ra’āyā", adjusting those concepts with the capabilities and defects of the ruling class ideology, having a critical look at the concepts and finally presenting reasons for the stagnation of their illustrations, such as reduction of the capacity of the early dynamic ideology and the wane of metaphors such as ”king as herder of ra’āyā”.

Linear perspective provides a pattern to represent a space which relates to some of the rules of Vision Science. This type of perspective has become popular in Europe since 15th century on the basis of Ibn al- Haytham’s Vision Theory. According to a historical- Analytical research, the effects of this theory have been considered from two aspects: Firstly, the translation of the “Book of Optics” in Latin made it possible that European artists become familiar with Ibn al- Haytham’s Vision Theory. In this theory, he describes how image is created in the eye. Secondly, through transferring his dark room to Europe, the European artists were able to use it to transfer pictures exactly to the canvas. As a result of this acquaintance, linear perspective became prevalent in Europe. Moreover, it is technically and scientifically possible for artists to make pictures on the basis of the focus point of the observer, which is in fact his inverted vision cone.

Osman-Dan Fodio (1717-1745) can be considered as the most important reformist leader in West Africa. His uprising in 1804 is a turning point in the revival of Islam in the West African region. This paper, by descriptive-analytic method, seeks to answer the question of what Uthman Dad Fodio's uprising and rule were based on what kinds of religious political thought? According to the findings of this study, there is no separation between religion and politics in Sheikh Uthman point of view. In his religious and political thought, accepting the infidels and accompanying them is forbidden and trying to form an  Islamic government is an obligation. The Sheikh has designed a comprehensive model for the Islamic government and has defined the executive agencies and their management practices, mainly based on the return to the early values of Islam.